John Augustus Roebling, Builder of the Brooklyn Bridge

John Roebling (born June 12, 1806, Mà ¼hlhausen, Saxony, Germany) didnt invent the suspension bridge, yet he is well-known for building the Brooklyn Bridge. Roebling didnt invent spun wire roping, either, yet he became wealthy by patenting processes and manufacturing cables for bridges and aqueducts. He was called a man of iron, says historian David McCullough. Roebling died July 22, 1869, at age 63, from a tetanus infection after crushing his foot on the construction site of the Brooklyn Bridge. From Germany to Pennsylvania 1824 - 1826, Polytechnic Institute, Berlin, Germany, studying architecture, engineering, bridge construction, hydraulics, and philosopy. After graduating, Roebling built roads for the Prussian government. During this period, he reportedly experienced his first suspension bridge, Die Kettenbrà ¼cke (chain bridge) over the Regnitz in Bamberg, Bavaria.1831, sailed to Philadelphia, PA with his brother Karl. They planned to migrate to western Pennsylvania and develop a farming community, although they knew nothing about farming. The brothers bought land in Butler County and developed a town eventually called Saxonburg.May 1936, married Johanna Herting, the town tailors daughter1837, Roebling became a citizen and a father. After his brother died of heatstroke while farming, Roebling began working for the State of Pennsylvania as a surveyor and engineer, where he built dams, locks, and surveyed railroad routes. Building Projects 1842, Roebling proposed that the Allegheny Portage Railroad replace their continually breaking hemp coil ropes with steel coil ropes, a method he had read about in a German magazine. Wilhelm Albert had been using wire rope for German mining companies since 1834. Roebling modified the process and received a patent.1844, Roebling won a commission to engineer a suspension aqueduct to carry canal water over the Allegheny River near Pittsburgh. The aqueduct bridge was successful from its opening in 1845 until 1861 when replaced by the railroad.1846, Smithfield Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (replaced in 1883)1847 - 1848, the Delaware Aqueduct, the oldest surviving suspension bridge in the U.S. Between 1847 and 1851 Roebling built four DH Canal aqueducts.1855, Bridge at Niagara Falls (removed 1897)1860, Sixth Street Bridge, Pittsburgh (removed 1893)1867, Cincinnati Bridge1867, Plans the Brooklyn Bridge (Roebling died during its construction)1883, Brooklyn Bridge completed under the direction of his oldest son, Washington Roebling, and his sons wife, Emily Elements of a Suspension Bridge (e.g., Delaware Aqueduct) Cables are attached to stone piersCast iron saddles sit on the cablesWrought-iron suspender rods sit on the saddles, with both ends hanging vertically from the saddleSuspenders attach to hanger plates to support part of the aqueduct or bridge deck flooring Cast iron and wrought iron were new, popular materials in the 1800s. Restoration of the Delaware Aqueduct 1980, bought by the National Park Service to be preserved as part of Upper Delaware Scenic Recreational RiverAlmost all of the existing ironwork (cables, saddles, and suspenders) are the same materials installed when the structure was built.The two suspension cables encased in red piping are made of wrought iron strands, spun on site under the direction of John Roebling in 1847.Each 8 1/2-inch diameter suspension cable carries 2,150 wires bunched into seven strands. Laboratory tests in 1983 concluded that the cable was still functional.Wrapping wires holding the cable strands in place were replaced in 1985.In 1986, the white pine wooden superstructure was reconstructed using Roeblings original plans, drawings, notes, and specifications Roeblings Wire Company In 1848, Roebling moved his family to Trenton, New Jersey to start his own business and take advantage of his patents. 1850, established John A. Roeblings Sons Company to manufacture wire rope. Of Roeblings seven adult children, three sons (Washington Augustus, Ferdinand William, and Charles Gustavus) would eventually work for the compnay1935 - 1936, oversaw the cable construction (spinning) for the Golden Gate Bridge1945, provided the flat wire to the inventor of the toy1952, business sold to the Colorado Fuel and Iron (CFI) Company of Pueblo, Colorado1968, the Crane Company purchased the CFI Wire rope cabling has been used in a variety of situations including suspension bridges, elevators, cable cars, ski lifts, pulleys and cranes, and mining and shipping. Roeblings U.S. Patents Patent Number 2,720, dated July 16, 1842, Method of and Machine for Manufacturing Wire RopesWhat I claim as my original invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: 1. The process of giving to the wires and strands a uniform tension, by attaching them to equal weights which are freely suspended over pulleys during the manufacture, as described above. 2. The attaching of swivels or of pieces of annealed wire to the ends of the single wires or to the several strands, during the manufacture of a rope, for the purpose of preventing the twist of the fibers, as described above. 3. The manner of constructing the wrapping machine....and the respective parts of which are combined and arranged, as above described, and illustrated by the accompanying drawing, so as to adapt it to the particular purpose of winding wire upon wire ropes.Patent Number 4,710, dated August 26, 1846, Anchoring Suspension-Chains for BridgesMy improvement consists in a new mode of anchorage applicable to wire br idges as well as chain bridges...What I claim as my original invention and wish to secure by Letters Patent is -- The application of a timber foundation, in place of stone, in connection with anchor plates, to support the pressure of the anchor chains or cables against the anchor masonry of a suspension bridge -- for the purpose of increasing the base of that masonry, to increase the surface exposed to pressure, and to substitute wood as an elastic material in place of stone, for the bedding of the anchor plates, -- the timber foundation either to occupy an inclined position, where the anchor cables or chains are continued in a straight line below ground, or to be placed horizontally, when the anchor cables are curved, as exhibited in the accompanying drawing, the whole to be in substance and in its main features constructed as fully described above and exhibited in the drawing.Patent Number 4,945, dated January 26, 1847, Apparatus for Passing Suspension-Wires for Bridges Across Riv ersWhat I claim as my original invention, and wish to secure by Letters Patent, is -- The application of traveling wheels, suspended and worked, either by a double endless rope, or by a single rope, across a river or valley, for the purpose of traversing the wires for the formation of wire cables, the whole to be in substance and in its main features, constructed and worked, as above described, and illustrated by the drawings. Archives and Collections for Further Research John A. Roebling Collection, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian InstitutionThe Roebling Museum, Roebling, New JerseyThe Delaware and Hudson Canal Slide Show, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Sources The Great Bridge by David McCullough, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972, Chapter 2John Roebling, Upper Delaware, National Park ServiceRoeblings Delaware Aqueduct, National Park ServiceAllegheny Portage Railroad, History and Culture, National Park ServiceRoebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, The Library of CongressModern History of Wire Rope by Donald SayengaUnited States Patent and Trademarks Office, Department of CommerceAdditional inline photo  ©Jackie CravenAll websites accessed June 11, 2012

Workplace Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII Laws

Title VII is the portion of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which protects an individual from employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Specifically, Title VII prohibits employers from hiring, refusing to hire, firing, or laying off an individual due to those factors. It also makes illegal any attempt to segregate, classify, or limit the opportunities of any employees for reasons related to any of the above. This includes promotion, compensation, job training, or any other aspect of employment. Title VIIs Significance to Working Women With regard to gender, workplace discrimination is illegal. This includes discriminatory practices that are deliberate and intentional, or those that take on a less obvious form such as neutral job policies which disproportionately exclude individuals on the basis of sex and that are not job related. Also illegal are any employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions regarding the abilities, traits, or the performance of an individual on the basis of sex. Sexual Harassment and Pregnancy Covered Title VII also offers protection to individuals who encounter sex-based discrimination that takes the form of sexual harassment including direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. Pregnancy is also protected. Amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions. Protection for Working Mothers According to the Georgetown University Law Center: Courts have ruled that Title VII prohibits employer decisions and policies based purely on an employer’s stereotyped impression that motherhood...are incompatible with serious work. Courts have found, for example, that the following conduct violates Title VII: having one policy for hiring men with preschool aged children, and another for hiring women with preschool aged children; failing to promote an employee on the assumption that her childcare duties would keep her from being a reliable manager; providing service credits to employees on disability leave, but not to those on pregnancy-related leave; and requiring men, but not women, to demonstrate disability in order to qualify for childrearing leave. LGBT Individuals Not Covered Although Title VII is wide-ranging and covers many workplace issues faced by women and men, it is important to note that sexual orientation is not covered by Title VII. Thus lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender individuals are not protected by this law if discriminatory practices by an employer occur that are related to perceived sexual preferences. Compliance Requirements Title VII applies to any employer with 15 or more employees in both the public and private sector including federal, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor unions, and training programs.

Physical Indicators Of Sexual Abuse - 1235 Words

t the child might be coerced into lying to protect the abuser. (Indicators of Abuse) Physical Indicators of sexual abuse can be harder to see than those of physical abuse this is because most often, if there are any physical signs they are hidden. Physical signs can include the child having difficulty walking or sitting, if a child looks like he or she is in pain while doing either activity ask questions. Torn, stained or bloody underwear is also a sign of sexual abuse, this sign is hard to go off of because only someone who is doing the child’s laundry or changing the child will come across this. If a child has pain, itching or bleeding in either the genital or anal areas than this is an important touchstone as well. (Indicators of Abuse) Behavioral signs of sexual abuse can include being unwilling to change in front of people, especially if they weren’t ever shy about it before. If a child has an understanding of sex well beyond what is age appropriate this is a very obvious and important sign. Sometimes children who have been victims of sexual abuse will touch their genitals or masturbate frequently, this goes beyond a little boy or girl just being curious. If a child seems to regress in development, like for example going back to sucking their thumb or if a child seems to have retreated into a fantasy world than one should start wondering if sexual abuse could be a horror this young child has faced. Another factor that is important and can be overlooked is if a childShow MoreRelatedEssay about Unit 11 P11679 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment will describe the forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults; describing indicators that abuse may be happening to adults. It will then look at factors that may le ad to abusive situations and assess the possible immediate effects of two different forms of abuse. 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This can be seen largely in both the mortality and longevity rate which have dramatically increased as a result of medical advances. No other demographics have profited from these medical breakthrough than the senior citizen or the elderly particularly in the United States. The National Center on Elder Abuse which is a part of the Department of Health and Human Services notes by 2050, people of the agesRead MoreUnit 8 Understanding Safegaurding Of Children And Young People1585 Words   |  7 Pagesadult sector) 1.1 The aim of the policy is to ensure that children and young people who are service users, or who are family or dependents of service users, are given the best possible opportunity to achieve positive outcomes and are protected from abuse or other harm The objectives of the policy are to ensure: That all staff, students and volunteers are aware of and follow Local Safeguarding Children’s Board Procedures which take precedence over any local Safeguarding Children’s Procedures, if thereRead MoreTypes And Types Of Maltreatment1360 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional abuse, sexual abuse and domestic violence. Briggs and Hawkins (1997, p. 22) justify that emotional abuse is one of the hardest forms of abuse to define, prove and that it is least reported. In Noah’s disclosure he informs us that Joe, his mums new boyfriend, is mean to her and hits and pushes her. Outlined in DEECED DHS witnessing this family violence that is taking place is an indicator of emotional abuse (DEECD DHS protocol 2010, appendix 2, p.6). The physical abuse that Noah’s

The Importance Of Nutrition And Food Choice Essay

Introduction Food choice is important to our health. Eating healthy food, have good sleep, and exercise are keywords for our happy, healthy, and long life (Happy Healthy Long Life, 2010). If we live for 65 years or longer, we will have consumed more than 70.000 meals. We should attach importance to nutrition and food choice. However, I notice some undesirable lifestyle differences between the U.S. and Japan after I moved here. In general, we are getting busier than the old days, so we have less time to think about a meal. Really we can buy fast-foods everywhere we want, 24/7 open, and they are cheap, but most fast-foods contain higher calories, salt and fat than home-cooked meals (figure 1). On the other hand, preoccupation with weight, food, calories, fat grams, and dieting also has an important influence upon health. Anorexia nervosa is one of common psychiatric diagnoses in young women (Anorexia Nervosa). 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Preteen Body Fat Free Essays

Preteens with a high body mass index (BMI) have increased risk factors for coronary artery disease in adolescence, researchers found. More Video Watch: Childhood Obesity: What Parents Need to Know Watch: Is Pregnancy Weight Gain Dangerous For Child? Watch: Is This Your Child’s School Lunch? Those with a greater BMI between ages 9 and 12 were more likely to have high blood pressure, high levels of LDL cholesterol — the so-called bad cholesterol — and triglycerides, and insulin resistance at ages 15 or 16, Dr.Debbie Lawlor of the University of Bristol in England and colleagues reported in BMJ. We will write a custom essay sample on Preteen Body Fat or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heavy Kids Become Teens With Heart Risks Overweight Preteens Risk Heart Disease in Adolescence, Researchers Say â€Å"Childhood BMI alone adequately identifies those who will be at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular profiles in adolescence,† they wrote. A higher BMI in childhood has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. But few studies have examined the shorter-term effects. Among 5,235 children ages 9 to 12 studied as part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 18. 5 percent of the children were overweight and 4. 5 percent were obese. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors at ages 15 and 16 ranged from 2. 9 percent for high diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides, to 28. 8 percent for high systolic blood pressure. Girls who were heavier at ages 9 to 12 but lost the weight by ages 15 to 16 had similar chances of cardiovascular risk factors to those who were normal weight at both ages. In boys who were heavier at younger ages, these risk factors still existed later even if they lost weight, but were significantly smaller than those who remained heavy, the researchers said. Children who change from overweight to normal weight improve their cardiovascular profiles compared with those who remain overweight in childhood and adolescence,† they wrote. How to cite Preteen Body Fat, Papers

Lord Of The Dead Essay Example For Students

Lord Of The Dead Essay ( This essay is a response to Benhabib. ) EDUCATION, DISCOURSE, ANDTHE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY 1In order to see some of the strengths and weakness of identity politics as an approach to thinking about education, we need to make a distinction that is implicit, but not explicit, in Seyla Benhabibs essay. For there are at least two distinct conceptions of identity politics at work in her discussion, and criticisms appropriate to one may not apply to the other. The first perspective considers identity a rather static quality of persons, and views the process of identity formation in predominantly passive terms; the other perspective involves what Benhabib calls the fungibility of identity, suggesting that identities are more active and flexible constructions.2 Correspondingly, each of these views yields a different view of politics; both of which, I will suggest, can be seen as quite limited, but for different reasons. For example, many identity theorists, and postmodern feminists generally, will balk at having Catharine MacKinnon put forth as an exemplar of their views. If she is an advocate of identity politics, it is only in a very specific sense, assuming a reified identity that is decided for women, by men, who with their foot on womens throats do not allow them to speak for themselves. MacKinnon also has a crude, instrumental conception of power, especially in her view of the state as monolithic and fundamentally insensitive to womens concerns (as she says, the state is male3). As a result, her view of politics is strategic and somewhat opportunistic: she appears willing to forge single-issue coalitions with any group to advance her cause, as she has with right-wing groups in her antipornography crusade. MacKinnons expressed sympathy for Clarence Thomas in the Hill-Thomas case is rather stunning, given her larger views on sexual harassment, and Benhabib places considerable weight on these comments as representing some larger dilemma faced by postmodern feminists in that dispute; but I do not see that MacKinnons comments typify a position taken by postmodern feminists generally. MacKinnon is not postmodern in any sense that I can understand, and it seems rather misleading to characterize the weaknesses of identity politics and of postmodern feminism largely through her example. If she is an identity theorist, she has a quite reified and passive conception of identity, as I have said. For MacKinnon, there is no active component in the process of identity formation; identity is constructed for women, imposed from without by powerful others and by hegemonic cultural norms and beliefs. And because her politics are instrumental, she seems quite willing to denigrate the qualities and character of many women, as we see in Benhabibs quote from the Buffalo conference, not because their actions or attitudes are in any way objectionable, but because the genesis of those choices does not comport with the vision of womanhood authorized by a political vanguard. This sort of identity politics goes on in movements aside from MacKinnons, of course. Some groups within so-called new social movements are inbred, suspicious, and convinced that their issues are the preeminent ones. For many of them, any Realpolitik to advance their cause is justified; as Benhabib rightly points out, they have no larger vision of social justice and little interest in taking on the concerns of other progressive causes. But I do not see what is postmodern in any of this. The passive and reified sense of identity at work here, the crude conception of power, the instrumental and opportunistic politics, the embrace of difference only in the sense of leaving space for other self-interested and exclusionary groups to ply their trade, all seem out of step with a postmodern outlook. On the other hand, there is also a position stressing, as Benhabib terms it, the fungibility of identity, which, whatever its merits or shortcomings, refers to an entirely different strand of thought from MacKinnons. In such theories (Judith Butler is Benhabibs main example here), identity can be constructed in many different ways; and while this process is contingent, it can involve choosing, shaping, and reinterpreting the identity one has. Although I do not know much of Butlers work, it does not seem correct to characterize her view of construction as passive, as it is for MacKinnon.4 For Butler, and for many identity theorists, the politics of identity seems to be about the continuous formation and reformation of identity, about the free play of differance, and about a process of exploration and experimentation that is active and open-ended. However one judges this theoretical and political trend, it is clearly discrete from MacKinnons: it is postmodern in a way that her view is not, and if it has problems, they are different problems from hers. In fact, I would say that some of these views of identity may be too plastic and voluntaristic. If identity is a construction, it is not a mere construction; we cannot choose or reshape it in any way that we please, and a theory of constructed identities needs an account of how this process occurs.5 It is revealing, to me, that such theoretical positions often take the construction of sexual identity as their model. TOK Essay on the Matrix They are the communicative frames in which speakers interact by exchanging speech acts. Yet discourses are themselves set within social institutions and action contexts.7 By shifting the focus away from structures to discourses, this model provides a clearer basis for explaining the active and passive components of identity formation: Complex, shifting, discursively constructed social identities provide an alternative to reified, essentialist conceptions of.. .identity, on the one hand, and to simple negations and dispersals of identity, on the other. They thus permit us to navigate safely between the twin shoals of essentialism and nominalism.8 Language, in this view, is not a structure that stands over and against us, but a social practice that we change, and are changed by, every time we participate in it. Because communicative relations are situated in specific contexts and social institutions, the possibilities and limits of language to allow us to engage in a reflexive examination and reconsideration of identity provide a critical lens through which those contexts and institutions can be judged. Among other contexts and institutions, this is certainly true of schools. Whether they provide the discursive resources and the opportunities to engage in the reflexive examination and reconsideration of identity, or whether, instead, they tend to reinforce static and passive conceptions of identity, determines whether their aims are educational and enabling, or merely reproductive in the conservative sense. Yet, at the same time, this process of identity construction is not entirely flexible and voluntaristic. What the discursive model also provides is a basis for understanding how the process of constructing or reconstructing identities operates within a social context in which relations to others, material needs, and practical constraints interact with personal choices. Identities are undoubtedly more fungible than people generally acknowledge; but the other side of this dialectic is a human need for stability and sustainability in identity. A construction, as I have said, is not a mere construction. From a social pragmatic standpoint not all constructions are equally sustainable, nor are they free from moral assessments. Here, too, education can play a role that is liberating, not only by opening up identity possibilities, but by teaching ways in which this process can be undertaken thoughtfully and in due consideration of its consequences for the self and for others. | Home Page | Contents | Author Index |1. I would like to thank Melissa Orlie for helpful conversations as I was formulating the arguments of this essay, for valuable insights into the work of Judith Butler, and for useful comments on a previous draft. Thanks also to Cris Mayo for conversations that helped inform this project. 2. This distinction has been clarified, helpfully, in this revised, published version of her essay. 3. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 161. 4. See for example, Imitation and Gender Insubordination, in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove et al (New York: Routledge, 1993), 307-320. 5. Butlers most recent work takes a similar position: A construction is, after all, not the same as an artifice. On the contrary, constructivism needs to take account of the domain of constraints without which a certain living and desiring being cannot make its way. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Routledge, 1993), 94. 6. Benhabib argues that Butlers theory of the subject is inadequate for these purposes in Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism, in Situating the Self (New York: Routledge, 1992), 214-218. 7. Nancy Fraser, The Uses and Abuses of French Discourse Theories for Feminist Politics, in Revaluing French Feminisms, ed. Nancy Fraser and Sandra Lee Bartky (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1992), 185. 8. Fraser, The Uses and Abuses of French Discourse Theories for Feminist Politics, 191. For reasons that puzzle me, Benhabib does not consider Frasers work a version of postmodern feminism, because she considers it more neopragmatist than postmodern (Benhabib, Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism, 220-221). This seems to overlook Frasers own characterization of her work, but it also depends on a narrow conception of what counts as postmodern (which in my view can include neopragmatism and other theoretical perspectives): in this essay Benhabib uses the terms postmodern and poststructural almost interchangeably. 1996 PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION SOCIETYALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Impact of Information on Business for Nature - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Information Technology on Business for Nature. Answer: Introduction Information technology has become a very important element in the present day business functions. Organizations that do not depend on some rudimentary type of technology are considered as redundant by nature. The primary factor associated with it is that the IT can very compatible with the usage of promotion of business function and any kind of business that completely fails to adopt right kind of IT based measures and this actually bounds to slowly die (Blais, 2015). The basic of any business becoming successful have remained the same for years and just increased the overall margins that exist between costs as well as revenues and also increase the coverage of the market as well as maintain a robust information based network where interaction remain operational. Every point is impacted by employing varied kind of technology. When a huge number of businesses are able to adopt a same kind of technology that reaches a place of equilibrium where every business is continuously pushing th e restrictions to get a small edge on the competitors. At the same time, whenever the business is able to execute the technology of higher grade than the competitor and it will expand quickly and hold rising percentage of market except all the competition actually die off. All the competition gets upgraded all tools to the similar level along with setting a new kind of equilibrium (Blais, 2015). The present time is based on human history that has been aptly called as era or age of information as well as IT based technology that decides not just related to success however crucial for the survival of the company. The report will discuss the significance, need, procedure, benefits as well as the risks related to the application of IT in this particular sector. It is obvious that healthcare is one of the most crucial and vital part of any kind of civilization. Overall demand for quality based healthcare services can actually never fall down and the overall potential for rising level of quality and also consist of variety of services. Also there is categorization in the present healthcare which is taken as business in specific incidences and it is obvious that the approach to function in a business or an industry can be applied readily on healthcare sector. Therefore, it is also important to discuss the advantages of IT specifically in healthcare from a specific point of view of actually treating the healthcare as an organization (Street et al., 2013). Need to Apply IT in Business Following is the detailed discussion: - Cost: that IT industry is presently one of the high earning sectors in the current time. There are so many successful as well as large as well as small businesses that work by giving IT based products and services to other organizations. This is why; the cost here is actually the application of IT to an organization where the whole infrastructure requires to get upgraded. Whenever a new business is set up, the overall cost put in the process consist of the cost of buying new tools as well as hiring or training the staff along with renting or commissioning the IT based products as well as tariffs for varied services in IT and also establishing an IT based structure and many more (Street et al., 2013). There is also an already existing business related transition process to an IT based infrastructure that will require having a account which is very similar to expenses if they are moving from one state of operations without any proper base for IT infrastructure. Planning: any successful organization is hardly ever constructed on a reflexive base for decisions and can be sudden by nature. So in place of putting so many efforts or related needs, it is important to completely pour in some plans based on development and different set of strategies in order to deal with so many issues. Implementation of IT is actually is not an exception. An average health based unit is based on so many different elements that work at one place to provide the intended services for healthcare. In addition, the services in healthcare are very crucial by nature and normally have high need associated with reliability (Charani et al., 2014). While setting a new service unit for healthcare, it is important that the stakeholders are more prepared for a plan on how many medical based facilities, tools and protocols can be integrated with IT tools as well as services in order to increase the effectiveness of work. Design: this part decides the overall efficiency on operational level along with number of elements of every performing as well as distinct function when utilized in connection with one another to achieve a complete set of goals. Therefore, a poorly designed unit for healthcare with the most advanced base for IT infrastructure cannot satisfy or serve the customer. But a properly designed unit along which has basic infrastructure in IT can generate a lot of praise as well as success. This is why, in all the cases discussed here, the stakeholder requires to base the interaction on any element in healthcare as well as IT based components and also make sure that IT can only help and never obstruct the healthcare based services (Bardhan and Thouin, 2013). Tools: in the era of modern technology and medical science there is heavy dependence on many tools. This is why, any effective facility in healthcare will be expected to have tools with many computerized technology. The IT based infrastructure can also interface with healthcare tools, if required. A typical IT based infrastructure needs a sub unit for networking which can be wired or wireless and also interact with other IT based tools. This is in addition to many human as well as computer interfaces that are normally based on current medical tools (Schwalbe, 2015). Installation: installing many elements of networking may based on wires which lays down or also upgrading them along with establishing the network based access points and also configuring the network based administration. Application of IT in Business Following is the detailed discussion: - Internal: the whole workforce can use the IT based infrastructure in order to organize the work based on optimal allocation of various shifts, quick interaction based on data like outcomes of many medical tests as well as examinations that conducts joint consultation and which also respond to many kind of emergencies or also keep a track of many kind of data as well as also handle accounts and manage a right record and many more. External: the patients find it of great amount of utility in many facilities related to IT in this sector like checking test results on internet or having an online consultation with the doctors with rapid form of reporting as well as response to various emergencies which is actually automated in many remote kind of monitoring of blood pressure or blood sugar. In the same way, there is also a line of communication based on IT which permits the suppliers of medical tools to comfortably interact with many healthcare units as well as permits easy communication of many types of data that exist between healthcare units like patient consultation (Cresswell and Sheikh, 2013). Benefit of IT Profit: the main motive of all kind of application in IT in an organization is providing a facilitation which is effective and efficient as well as conducted with fast pace operations. This consists of production which speed up and also give rise to revenue based generation. For example, in pathology there is a facility of autonomous blood testing and it can also speed up the overall delivery of outcomes and there are so many tests conducted each day that permits the solution to communicate automatically to doctors as well as patients through encrypted set of emails. In same case, an test when conducted online is based on many payment option that can speed up the whole process of customer ordering the tests on internet (Cresswell and Sheikh, 2013). Flexible structure: it is important that it is remembered that a large portion of many kind of utilities that is delivered by a proper robust and an IT based infrastructure based on software. This is why, it is easier to make changes and also be able to adapt the IT based services that suits the need of business. For example, any kind of business will require to make a storage of huge amount of data and usually, this is data is ordered and also arranged as per the set of so many pre-defined rules. At the same time, when the large amount of data is developed and there is any kind of transformation to such rules that actually resulted in the creating a huge task of properly arranging all the previously arranged data (Shortliffe and Cimino, 2013). Reduction in cost: there is one part which rises with efficiency and the motive is to increase the productivity and the other is based on increasing the overall profit and related margins. The related facilities can also assist drastically to decrease the cost of operations in a business. For instance, in a software based on management of inventory can be trusted than paper pen based record of inventory which is simply associated with the ability to develop some kind of alerts when the concept of inventory items can reach the end of any kind of shelf life (Shortliffe and Cimino, 2013). Risks in IT Following is the detailed discussion: - Security: IT based infrastructure entirely depends on computers and the computer carries a risk of cyber attack. The way no lock is secured fully, same way there is no computer system which can be considered completely fail proof. The overall survival of the organization is dependent on executing IT based services and this way have IT services that are able to host so many securities based issues in the form of attacks (Groves et al., 2016). Confidential: many organizations consist of lot of data or information based on the internal management like the overall status of the accounts and the overall plan for the coming fiscal year which is also marked as confidential. This is based on that it must not be viewed by people who are not authorized to get an access of information. Therefore, in case of any kind of leak in IT is based on confidential data that can be easily stolen by the attackers (Orlikowski et al., 2016). Conclusion The role of IT is very crucial in the current time and the overall survival of the business in the present is taken as a key which relies on the ability to effectively use the present IT based facilities and also protect them against any kind of risks. The advantages are related to the usage of IT in the present business with so many undeniable as well as direct evidences of which can be considered as a modern time dependency on IT (Orlikowski et al., 2016). Reference Bardhan, I.R. and Thouin, M.F., 2013. Health information technology and its impact on the quality and cost of healthcare delivery.Decision Support Systems,55(2), pp.438-449. Blais, K., 2015.Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Pearson. Charani, E., Castro-Snchez, E., Moore, L.S. and Holmes, A., 2014. Do smartphone applications in healthcare require a governance and legal framework? It depends on the application!.BMC medicine,12(1), p.29. Cresswell, K. and Sheikh, A., 2013. Organizational issues in the implementation and adoption of health information technology innovations: an interpretative review.International journal of medical informatics,82(5), pp.e73-e86. Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D. and Kuiken, S.V., 2016. 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